Laridae – Alcidae

Laridae: Gulls, Terns, Skimmers

LARIDAE Rafinesque, 1815

Laridia C. S. Rafinesque. Analyse de la nature; ou, Tableau de l’univers et des corps organisés. Palerme [Palermo]: published by author, 1815:72.

Laridæ W. E. Leach. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. 17th ed. London: Richard and Arthur Taylor, 1820:68*.

Anous Stephens, 1826

Anoüs James Francis Stephens. General Zoology; or, Systematic Natural History, Commenced by the Late George Shaw M.D. F.R.S. Vol. 13, Pt. 1, Birds. London: J. and A. Arch; Longman, Rees; E. Jeffery and Son; J. Mawman; Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; J. Booth; Sherwood; G. B. Whittaker; R. Scholey; S. Bagster; Rodwell and Martin; Saunders and Hodgson; Hamilton, Adams; Simpkin and Marshall; J. Duncan; T. and J. Allman; W. J. and J. Maynard; and Wightman and Cramp, 1826:139.

Anous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Brown Noddy

[Sterna] stolida Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:137.

A[noüs] stolidus George Robert Gray. A List of the Genera of Birds, with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. 2nd ed. London: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1841:100.

Anous tenuirostris (Temminck, 1823) Lesser Noddy

Sterna tenuirostris C. J. Temminck. Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon, by C. J. Temminck and Meiffren Laugier de Chartrouse [G. M. J. Meiffren]. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1823, livr. 34: pl. 202. (Collated and republished as Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon, édition in-folio et in-4⁰ de l’Imprimerie royale, 1770. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1838, 5: pl. 202, name on following page [337].)

A[nous] tenuirostris G. Hartlaub. Ornithologischer Beitrag zur Fauna Madagascar’s. Mit Berücksichtigung der Inseln Mayotta, Nossi-Bé und St. Marie, sowie der Mascarenen und Seychellen. Bremen: C. Schünemann, 1861:86.

Rynchops Linnaeus, 1758

Rynchops Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:138.

Rhyncops Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:84.

Rhynchops Peter Simon Pallas. Naturgeschichte merkwurdiger Thiere, in welcher vornehmich neue und unbekannte Thierarten durch Kupferstiche, Beschreibungen und Erklarungen erlautert werden Durch den Verfasser verteutscht. Berlin: Gottlieb August Lange, 1776, Sammlung 6:15. (Collated and republished in Naturgeschichte merkwurdiger Thiere, in welcher vornehmich neue und unbekannte Thierarten durch Kupferstiche, Beschreibungen und Erklarungen erlautert werden Durch den Verfasser verteutscht. Berlin: Gottlieb August Lange, 1778, 1:15.

Rynchops flavirostris Vieillot, 1816 African Skimmer

Rhyncops flavirostris Louis-Pierre Vieillot [Louis Pierre Vieillot]. “Le Bec-en-ciseauxou le Rhyncops à bec jaune, Rhyncops flavirostris, Vieill.” In Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc., edited by Société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs. 2nd ed. Paris: Deterville, 1816, 3:337–338, 338.

Rhynchops flavirostris James Francis Stephens. General Zoology; or, Systematic Natural History, Commenced by the Late George Shaw M.D. F.R.S. Vol. 13, Pt. 1, Birds. London: J. and A. Arch; Longman, Rees; E. Jeffery and Son; J. Mawman; Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; J. Booth; Sherwood; G. B. Whittaker; R. Scholey; S. Bagster; Rodwell and Martin; Saunders and Hodgson; Hamilton, Adams; Simpkin and Marshall; J. Duncan; T. and J. Allman; W. J. and J. Maynard; and Wightman and Cramp, 1826:138.

[Rynchops] flavirostris George Robert Gray. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds, Distinguishing Those Contained in the British Museum. Pt. 3, Struthiones, Grallæ, and Anseres, with Indices of Generic and Specific Names. London: Trustees [of the British Museum], 1871 [1870?]: 124.

Rynchops albicollis Swainson, 1838 Indian Skimmer

Rhynchops albicollis William Swainson. Animals in Menageries. The Cabinet Cyclopædia, vol. 98, edited by Dionysius Lardner. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, and John Taylor, 1838:360.

[Rhyncops] albicollis Ch. Bonaparte. “Espèces nouvelles d’oiseaux d’Asie et d’Amérique, et tableaux paralléliques des Pélagiens ou Gaviæ.” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences 42, no. 17 (1856): 764–776, 773.

[Rynchops] albicollis George Robert Gray. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds, Distinguishing Those Contained in the British Museum. Pt. 3, Struthiones, Grallæ, and Anseres, with Indices of Generic and Specific Names. London: Trustees [of the British Museum], 1871:124.

Rissa Stephens, 1826

Rissa James Francis Stephens. General Zoology; or, Systematic Natural History, Commenced by the Late George Shaw M.D. F.R.S. Vol. 13, Pt. 1, Birds. London: J. and A. Arch; Longman, Rees; E. Jeffery and Son; J. Mawman; Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy; J. Booth; Sherwood; G. B. Whittaker; R. Scholey; S. Bagster; Rodwell and Martin; Saunders and Hodgson; Hamilton, Adams; Simpkin and Marshall; J. Duncan; T. and J. Allman; W. J. and J. Maynard; and Wightman and Cramp, 1826:180.

Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-legged Kittiwake

[Larus] tridactylus Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:136.

Rissa Tridactyla Charles Lucian Bonaparte [Charles Lucien Bonaparte]. A Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America. London: John Van Voorst, 1838:62.

Pagophila Kaup, 1829

Pagophila Jakob Kaup. Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt. Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske, 1829, 1:69.

Pagophila eburnea (Phipps, 1774) Ivory Gull

Larus Eburneus Constantine John Phipps. A Voyage towards the North Pole, Undertaken by His Majesty’s Command, 1773. London: J. Nourse, 1774:187.

P[agophila] eburnea George Robert Gray. Appendix to A List of the Genera of Birds. London: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1842:15.

Xema Leach, 1819

Xema W. E. Leach. “Appendix No. 2: Zoological Memoranda.” In A Voyage of Discovery, Made under the Orders of the Admiralty, in His Majesty’s Ships Isabella and Alexander, for the Purpose of Exploring Baffin’s Bay, and Inquiring into the Probability of a North-west Passage, by John Ross. London: John Murray, 1819:52.

Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Sabine’s Gull

Larus Sabini Joseph Sabine. “An Account of a New Species of Gull Lately Discoverered on the West Coast of Greenland.” Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 12, pt. 2 (1819): 520–523, 522, pl. 29.

Xema Sabini W. E. Leach. “Appendix No. 2: Zoological Memoranda.” In A Voyage of Discovery, Made under the Orders of the Admiralty, in His Majesty’s Ships Isabella and Alexander, for the Purpose of Exploring Baffin’s Bay, and Inquiring into the Probability of a North-west Passage, by John Ross. London: John Murray, 1819:52.

Larus Sabinii John Richardson. “Zoological Appendix No. 1: Account of the Quadrupeds and Birds.” In Appendix to Captain Parry’s Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Performed in His Majesty’s Ships Fury and Hecla in the Years 1821–22–23, by [William Edward Parry]. London: John Murray, 1825:360.

Xema Sabinii Thomas Nuttall. A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and of Canada. [Vol. 2], Water Birds. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1834:296 (syn.).

Larus Sabinei J.-C. [sic] Temminck [C. J. Temminck]. Manuel d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe, précédé d’une analyse du système général d’ornithologie, et suivi d’une table alphabétique des espèces, et d’une table corrélative des matières contenues dans les quatre parties de cet ouvrage. 2nd ed. Paris: H. Cousin, 1840, pt. 4:488.

[Xema] sabinei Elliott Coues. Key to North American Birds, Containing a Concise Account of Every Species of Living and Fossil Bird at Present Known from the Continent North of the Mexican and United States Boundary. Salem: Naturalists’ Agency, 1872:317.

Chroicocephalus Eyton, 1836

Chroicocephalus T. C. Eyton. “A Catalogue of British Birds.” In A History of the Rarer British Birds. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, and Houlston and Son, 1836:53.

Chroicocephalus genei (Breme, 1839) Slender-billed Gull

Larus Geneï [F. G.] De Breme [F. A. G. di Breme]. “Nouvelle espèce de européenne de genre Larus.” Revue zoologique 2 (November 1839): [321].

C[hroicocephalus] genei P.-A. Crochet, F. Bonhomme and J.-D. Lebreton. “Molecular Phylogeny and Plumage Evolution in Gulls (Larini).” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13, no. (2001): 54. But, by implication, Philip C. Chu. “A Phylogeny of the Gulls (Aves: Larinae) Inferred from Osteological and Integumentary Characters.” Cladistics 14, no. 1 (1998): 16.

Chroicocephalus philadelphia (Ord, 1815) Bonaparte’s Gull

S[terna] Philadelphia [George Ord]. “Zoology.” In A New Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar, and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World, by William Guthrie. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Johnson & Warner, 1815:290–361, 319.

Chroicocephalus philadelphia George N. Lawrence. Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Made under the Direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853–6, According to Acts of Congress of March 8, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. Vol. 9, General Report upon the Zoology of the Several Pacific Railroad Routes. Pt. 2 Birds, by Spencer F. Baird, with the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. House of Representatives Report Ex. Doc. No. 91 (1858): 852.

Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus (Jerdon, 1840) Brown-headed Gull

L[arus] brunnicephalus T. C. Jerdon. “Catalogue of the Birds of the Peninsular of India, Arranged According to the Modern System of Classification; with Brief Notes on Their Habits and Geographical Distribution and Description of New, Doubtful and Imperfectly Described Species [Part 6].” Madras Journal of Literature and Science 12, no. 29 (1840): [193]–227, 225.

[Chroicocephalus] brunnicephalus [C. F.] Bruch. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (1853): 96–108, 105.

[Chroicocephalus] brunniceps Jean Cabanis. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (“1853” [1855]): 96–108, 105.

Chroicocephalus brunneicephalus Robert Swinhoe. “A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of China and Its Islands, with Descriptions of New Species, References to former Notes, and Occasional Remarks.” Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1871, no. 22-27 (1871): 337–423, 421.

Larus (Chroicocephalus) brunnicephalus F. Stoliczka. “Notice of the Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh.” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 41, pt. 2, no. 3 (1872): 211–258, 256.

Chroicocephalus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) Black-headed Gull

[Larus] ridibundus Caroli a Linné [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 12th edn. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1766, 1:225.

C[hroicocephalus] ridibundus T. C. Eyton. “A Catalogue of British Birds.” In A History of the Rarer British Birds. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, and Houlston and Son, 1836:53.

L[arus] (Chroicocephalus) ridibundus Ferd. Droste-Hülshoff [Ferd. von Droste zu Hülshoff]. Die Vogelwelt der Nordseeinsel Borkum. Nebst einer vergleichenden Übersicht der in den südlichen Nordseeländern vorkommenden Vögel. Münster: Ferd. Droste-Hülshoff, 1869:362.

Chroocephalus ridibundus Tommaso Salvadori. Fauna d’Italia. Vol. 2, Uccelli. Milano [Milan]: Francesco Vallardi, [1872?]:287.

[Chroeocephalus] ridibundus Ferdinand Heine and Anton Reichenow. Nomenclator Musei Heineani Ornithologici. Verzeichniss der Vogel-Sammlung des Königlichen Oberamtmanns Ferdinand Heine auf Klostergut St. Burchard von Halberstadt. Berlin: R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1890:358.

Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818) Grey-headed Gull

Larus cirrocephalus Louis-Pierre Vieillot [Louis Pierre Vieillot]. “La Mouette a tête cendrée, Larus cirrocephalus, Vieill.” In Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc., edited by Société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs. 2nd ed. Paris: Deterville, 1816, 21:491–512, 502.

[Chroicocephalus] cirrocephalus [C. F.] Bruch. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (1853): 96–108, 106.

Hydrocoloeus Kaup, 1829

Hydrocoloeus Jakob Kaup. Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt. Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske, 1829, 1:196.

Hydrocoloeus minutus (Pallas, 1776) Little Gull

Larus minutus P. S. Pallas. “Anhang zum dritten Theil. Descriptiones animalium.” In Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Rußischen Reichs. Theil 3, Buch 2, Reise aus Sibirien zurück an die Wolga im 1773sten Jahr. St. Petersburg: Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften, 1776:702.

[Hydrocolœus] minutus Bonaparte. Ch. Bonaparte. “Espèces nouvelles d’oiseaux d’Asie et d’Amérique, et tableaux paralléliques des Pélagiens ou Gaviæ.” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences 42, no. 17 (1856): 764–776, [771].

Rhodostethia MacGillivray, 1842

Rhodostethia William MacGillivray. A Manual of British Ornithology: Being a Short Description of Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Including the Essential Characters of the Species, Genera, Families, and Orders. Pt. 2, The Water Birds. London: Scott, Webster, and Geary, 1842:252.

Rhodostethia rosea (MacGillivray, 1824) Ross’s Gull

L[arus] roseus W. MacGillivray. “Descriptions, Characters, and Synonyms of the Different Species of the Genus Larus, with Critical and Explanatory Remarks.” Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 5, pt. 1 (1824): 247–276, 249.

Rhodostethia Rossi William MacGillivray. A Manual of British Ornithology: Being a Short Description of Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Including the Essential Characters of the Species, Genera, Families, and Orders. Pt. 2, The Water Birds. London: Scott, Webster, and Geary, 1842:253.

[Rhodostethia] roseus [C. F.] Bruch. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (1853): 96–108, 106.

Rhodestethia rosea L. Taczanowski [W. Taczanowski]. “Faune ornithologique de la Sibérie orientale. Seconde partie.” Mémoires de l’Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, 7th ser., 39, sig. 132* (1893): 685–1278, 1048.

Leucophaeus Bruch, 1855

Leucophaeus [C. F.] Bruch. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (1853): 96–108, 108.

Leucophaeus atricilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Laughing Gull

[Larus] Atricilla Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:136.

Leucophaeus atricilla Richard C. Banks, R. Terry Chesser, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz and Kevin Winker. “Forty-ninth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds.” Auk 125, no. 3 (2008): 758–768, 759, 762. But, by implication, J.-M. Pons, A. Hassanin and P.-A. Crochet. “Phylogenetic Relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Mitochondrial Markers.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2005): 686–699, 693, 694.

Leucophaeus pipixcan (Wagler, 1831) Franklin’s Gull

Larus Pipixcan [J. G.] Wagler. “Einige Mittheilungen über Thiere Mexicos.” Isis von Oken, Jg. 1831, Heft 5 (1831): cols. 510–535, col. 515.

Leucophaeus pipixcan Richard C. Banks, R. Terry Chesser, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz and Kevin Winker. “Forty-ninth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds.” Auk 125, no. 3 (2008): 758–768, 759, 762. But, by implication, J.-M. Pons, A. Hassanin and P.-A. Crochet. “Phylogenetic Relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Mitochondrial Markers.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2005): 686–699, 693, 694.

Ichthyaetus Kaup, 1829

Ichthyaëtus Jakob Kaup. Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt. Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske, 1829, 1:102.

Ichthyaetus relictus (Lönnberg, 1931) Relict Gull

Larus melanocephalus relictus Einar Lönnberg. “A Remarkable Gull from the Gobi Desert.” Arkiv för zoologi 23 B, no. 2 (1931): 1–5, 2, 5.

Ichthyaetus relictus Frank Gill and Minturn Wright. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Version 1.7. International Ornithologists’ Union. Published online, 2 October 2008. (Republished online. Accessed 6 December 2021. <http://www.worldbirdnames.org/Archives/IOC%20Names%20File-1.7.xls>.) But, by implication, J.-M. Pons, A. Hassanin and P.-A. Crochet. “Phylogenetic Relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Mitochondrial Markers.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2005): 686–699, 693, 694.

Ichthyaetus audouinii (Payraudeau, 1826) Audouin’s Gull

Larus Audouinii [C.] Payraudeau. “Description de deux espèces nouvelles d’oiseaux, appartenant aux genre mouette et cormoran.” Annales des sciences naturelles 8 (1826): 460–465, 462.

Ichthyaetus audouinii Frank Gill and Minturn Wright. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Version 1.7. International Ornithologists’ Union. Published online, 2 October 2008. (Republished online. Accessed 6 December 2021. <http://www.worldbirdnames.org/Archives/IOC%20Names%20File-1.7.xls>.) But, by implication, J.-M. Pons, A. Hassanin and P.-A. Crochet. “Phylogenetic Relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Mitochondrial Markers.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2005): 686–699, 693, 694.

Ichthyaetus melanocephalus (Temminck, 1820) Mediterranean Gull

Larus melanocephalus C.-J. Temminck [C. J. Temminck]. Manuel d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe, précédé d’une analyse du système général d’ornithologie, et suivi d’une table alphabétique des espèces. 2nd ed. Paris: H. Cousin, 1820, pt. 2:777.

Ichthyaetus melanocephalus Frank Gill and Minturn Wright. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Version 1.7. International Ornithologists’ Union. Published online, 2 October 2008. (Republished online. Accessed 6 December 2021. <http://www.worldbirdnames.org/Archives/IOC%20Names%20File-1.7.xls>.) But, by implication, J.-M. Pons, A. Hassanin and P.-A. Crochet. “Phylogenetic Relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Mitochondrial Markers.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2005): 686–699, 693, 694.

Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus (Pallas, 1773) Pallas’s Gull

Larus Ichthyaetus P.S. Pallas. “Anhang zum zweiten Theil. Descriptiones animalium.” In Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Rußischen Reichs. Pt. 2, Buch 2, Reise durch verschiedene Theile des Rußischen Reichs im 1771sten Jahr. St. Petersburg: Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften, 1773:713.

Ichthyaëtus ichthyætus George Robert Gray. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds, Distinguishing Those Contained in the British Museum. Pt. 3, Struthiones, Grallæ, and Anseres, with Indices of Generic and Specific Names. London: Trustees [of the British Museum], 1871:114.

Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus (Temminck, 1825) White-eyed Gull

Larus leucophthalmus C. J. Temminck. “Engoulevent distingué. Caprimulgus eximius. Rupp.” In Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon, by C. J. Temminck and Meiffren Laugier de Chartrouse [G. M. J. Meiffren]. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1825, livr. 62: pl. 366, name on following page. (Collated and republished as Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon, édition in-folio et in-4⁰ de l’Imprimerie royale, 1770, by C. J. Temminck and Meiffren Laugier de Chartrouse [G. M. J. Meiffren]. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1838, 5: pl. 366, name on following page [351].)

Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus Frank Gill and Minturn Wright. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Version 1.7. International Ornithologists’ Union. Published online, 2 October 2008. (Republished online. Accessed 6 December 2021. <http://www.worldbirdnames.org/Archives/IOC%20Names%20File-1.7.xls>.) But, by implication, J.-M. Pons, A. Hassanin and P.-A. Crochet. “Phylogenetic Relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Mitochondrial Markers.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2005): 686–699, 693, 694.

Ichthyaetus hemprichii (Bruch, 1855) Sooty Gull

[Adelarus] Hemprichii [C. F.] Bruch. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (1853): 96–108, 106.

Ichthyaetus hemprichii Frank Gill and Minturn Wright. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. Version 1.7. International Ornithologists’ Union. Published online, 2 October 2008. (Republished online. Accessed 6 December 2021. <http://www.worldbirdnames.org/Archives/IOC%20Names%20File-1.7.xls>.) But, by implication, J.-M. Pons, A. Hassanin and P.-A. Crochet. “Phylogenetic Relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Mitochondrial Markers.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, no. 3 (2005): 686–699, 693, 694.

Larus Linnaeus, 1758

Larus Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:136.

Larus canus Linnaeus, 1758 Common Gull

[Larus] canus Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:136.

Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson, 1831 Short-billed Gull

Larus brachyrhynchus John Richardson. “Northern Zoology (Birds),” by John Richardson and W. Swainson. Appendix to American Ornithology; or, The Natural History of the Birds of the United States, by Alexander Wilson and Charles Lucian Bonaparte [Charles Lucien Bonaparte], edited by Robert Jameson. Edinburgh: Constable, 1831, 4:352.

Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815 Ring-billed Gull

Larus Delawarensis George Ord. “Zoology of North America.” In A New Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar, and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World, by William Guthrie. 2nd rev. ed. Philadelphia: Johnson and Warner, 1815, 2:315–361, 319.

Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758 Great Black-backed Gull

[Larus] marinus Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:136.

Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 Kelp Gull

L[arus] dominicanus H. Lichtenstein. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin, nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen. Berlin: T. Trautwein, 1823:82.

L. d. vetula (Bruch, 1853)

[Dominicanus] vetula [C. F.] Bruch. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (1853): 96–108, 100.

[Larus] vetula Charles-Lucien Bonaparte [Charles Lucien Bonaparte] “Notes sur les Laridae.” Naumannia, Jg. 1854, [no. 3?], sig. 14 (1854): [209]–219, 211.

Larus dominicanus vetula R. K. Brooke and J. Cooper. “The Distinctiveness of South African Larus dominicanus (Aves: Laridae).” Durban Museum Novitates 12, no. 3 (1979): [27]–37, 30.

Larus glaucescens Naumann, 1840 Glaucous-winged Gull

L[arus] glaucescens Johann Friedrich Naumann. Johann Andreas Naumann’s . . . Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands, nach eigenen Erfahrungen entworfen. Durchaus umgearbeit, systematisch geordnet, sehr vermehrt, vervollständigt, und mit getreu nach der Natur eigenhändig gezeichneten und gestochenen Abbildungen aller deutschen Vögel, nebst ihren Hauptverschiedenheiten. Leipzig: Ernst Fleischer, 1840, 10:351.

Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767 Glaucous Gull

Larus hyperboreus J. E. Gunnerus. Beskrivelse over Finmarkens Lapper, deres Tungemaal, Levemaade og forrige Afgudsdyrkelse, oplyst ved mange Kaabberstykker by Knud Leem, with remarks by J. E. Gunneri [J. E. Gunnerus] and a Dissertation on the Pagan Religion of the Norwegian Finns and Lapps by E. J. Jessen-S. Kiøbenhavn [Copenhagen]: G. G. Salikath, 1767:226n.

Larus glaucoides Meyer, 1822 Iceland Gull

Larus glaucoides Bernhard Meyer. Taschenbuch der deutschen Vögelkunde; oder, Kurze Beschreibung aller Vögel Deutschlands, by [Berhard] Meyer and [Johann] Wolf. Teil 3, Zusätze und Berichtigungen zu Meyers und Wolfs Taschenbuch der deutschen Vögelkunde, nebst kurzer Beschreibung derjenigen Vögel, welche ausser Deutschland, in den übrigen Theilen von Europa vorkommen, by Bernhard Meyer. Frankfurt am Main: H. L. Brönner, 1822:197.

Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 European Herring Gull

[Larus] Argentatus Erich Pontoppidan [Erik Pontoppidan]. Den danske Atlas eller konge-riget Dannemark, med dets naturlige Egenskaber, Elementer, Indbyggere, Væxter, Dyr og andre Affodninger, dets gamle Tildrageiser of nærværene Omstændigheder i alle Provintzer, Stæder, Kirker, Slotte of Herre-Gaarde. Forestillet ved en udförlig Lands-Beskrivelse, saa og oplyst med dertil forfærdigede Land-Kort over enhver Provintz, samt ziret med Stændernes Prospecter, Grund-Ridser, og andre merkværdige Kaaber-Stykker. Kiøbenhavn [Copenhagen]: A. H. Godiche, 1763, 1:622.

Larus smithsonianus Coues, 1862 American Herring Gull

Larus Smithsonianus Elliott Coues. “Revision of the Gulls of North America: Based upon Specimen in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia [14], [no. 6] (June 1862): 291–312, 296.

Larus vegae Palmén, 1887 Vega Gull

Larus argentatus var. Vegæ J. A. Palmén. “Bidrag till kännedomen om sibiriska ishafskustens fogelfauna, enligt Vega-expeditionens iakttagelser och samlingar.” In Vega-expeditionens vetenskapliga iakttagelser bearbetade af deltagare i resan och andra forskare, edited by A. E. Nordenskiöld. Stockholm: F. & G. Beijers förlag, 1887, 5:241–511, 370.

Larus vegæ L. Stejneger. “Palmén’s Contributions to the Knowledge of the Bird Fauna of the Siberian Coasts of the Arctic Sea.” Auk 5, no. 3 (1888): 306–311, 310.

Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811 Caspian Gull

Larus cachinnans Petro Pallas [Peter Pallas]. Zoographia rosso-asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli [Saint Petersburg]: Ex officina Caes. Academiae scientiarum, 1811, 2:318. (Republished as Zoographia rosso-asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli [Saint Petersburg]: In officina Caesareum Academiae scientiarum impress, 1831, 2:318.)

Larus michahellis Naumann, 1840 Yellow-legged Gull

L[arus] Michahellis Johann Friedrich Naumann. Johann Andreas Naumann’s . . . Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands, nach eigenen Erfahrungen entworfen. Durchaus umgearbeit, systematisch geordnet, sehr vermehrt, vervollständigt, und mit getreu nach der Natur eigenhändig gezeichneten und gestochenen Abbildungen aller deutschen Vögel, nebst ihren Hauptverschiedenheiten. Leipzig: Ernst Fleischer, 1840, 10:382.

[Glaucus] Michahellesii [C. F.] Bruch. “Monografische Uebersicht der Gattung Larus Lin.” Journal für Ornithologie 1, no. 2 (1853): 96–108, 101.

Larus argentatus michahellesi [V.] von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen. Review of Sumpfleben und Jagden. Von Wien bis Batum in Kleinasien, Leo von Kalbermatten. Ornithologisches Jahrbuch, Jg. 2, Heft 4 (1891): 177–178, 178.

Larus argentatus michahelles James Lee Peters. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934, 2:318.

Larus argentatus michahellis Noël Mayaud. “Commentaires sur l’ornithologie française [Part 4].” Alauda, ser. 3, 11, nos. 2, 3, 4 (“1939” [1940]): [236]–255, 239.

Larus cachinnans michahellis P. Devillers and R. Potvliege. “Le Goéland leucophée Larus cachinnans michahellis en Belgique.” Gerfaut 71 (1981): 659–666. (Not seen.)

L. m. atlantis Dwight, 1922

Larus fuscus atlantis Jonathan Dwight. “Description of a New Race of the Lesser Black-backed Gull from the Azores.” American Museum Novitates 44 (1922): 1–2, [1].

Larus cachinnans atlantis J. de Chavigny and Noël Mayaud. “Sur l’avifaune des Açores. Généralités et étude contributive [Part ?].” Alauda, 2nd ser., 4, no. 4 (1933): [416]–441, 439.

Larus argentatus atlantis James Lee Peters. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934, 2:318.

Larus michahellis atlantis Chris Kehoe. “Racial Identification and Assessment in Britain: A Report from the RIACT Subcommitee.” British Birds 99, no. 7 (2006): 619–645, 629. But, by implication, George Sangster, J. Martin Collinson, Andreas J. Helbig, Alan. G. Knox and David T. Parkin. “Taxonomic Recommendations for British Birds: Third Report.” Ibis 147, no. 4 (2005): 821–826, 823.

L. m. michahellis Naumann, 1840

Larus armenicus Buturlin, 1934 Armenian Gull

Larus talmyrensis armenicus S. A. Buturlin. “Larus talmyrensis armenicus, subsp. nov.” Ibis 76, no. 1 (1934): 171–172, 171.

Larus argentatus armenicus G. P. Dementiev and N. A. Gladkov. Птицы советского союза [Birds of the Soviet Union]. Москва [Moscow]: Государственное Издательство Советская Наука [State Publishing House Soviet Science], 1951, 3:539. (Not seen.)

Larus armenicus Jürgen Haffer. “Systematik und Taxonomie der Larus argentatus-Artengruppe.” In Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, edited by Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim and Kurt M. Bauer. Bd. 8/I, Charadriiformes (3. Teil) Stercorariidae – Laridae. Wiesbaden: Akademische Verlagsgeselschaft, 1982:502-515. (Not seen.)

Larus schistisagus Stejneger, 1884 Slaty-backed Gull

Larus schistisagus Leonhard Stejneger. “Analecta ornithologica. Second Series. VIII: Larus schistisagus, a New Species of Gull from the North Pacific.” Auk 1, no. 3 (1884): 225–236, 231.

Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 Lesser Black-backed Gull

[Larus] fuscus Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:136.

L. f. graellsii Brehm, 1857

Lar[us] Graellsii A. E. Brehm. “Vorläufige Zusammenstelling der Vögel Spaniens mit kritischer Benutzung der bisher von spanischen Ornithologen herausgegebenen Verzeichnisse [Part 2].”Allgemeine deutsche naturhistorische Zeitung, Neue Folge, 3, [Heft 12?], sig. 36* (1857): 449–489, 483.

Larus fuscus graellsii H. F. Witherby. “New British Birds and Alterations to the British List.” British Birds 24, no. 1 (1930): 22–25, 24.

L. f. intermedius Schiøler, 1922

Larus fuscus intermedius E. Lehn Schiøler. “Nogle tilføjelser og bemærkninger til listen over Danmarks fugle.” Dansk ornithologisk forenings tidsskrift 16, Hæfte 1–2 (1922): [1]–55, 21.

L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758

L. f. heuglini Bree, 1876

Larus Heuglini Charles Robert Bree. A History of the Birds of Europe, Not Observed in the British Isles. 2nd ed. London: George Bell and Sons, 1876, 5:58.

Larus fuscus heuglini James Fischer and R. M. Lockley. Sea-birds: An Introduction to the Natural History of the Sea-birds of the North Atlantic. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954:39.

L. f. barabensis Johansen, 1960

Larus argentatus barabensis Hans Johansen. “Die Vogelfauna Westsiberiens. III. Teil (Non Passeres). 9. Fortsetzung: Alcidae, Laridae.” Journal für Ornithologie 101, no. 3 (1960): 316–339, 325.

[Larus fuscus] barabensis George Sangster, J. Martin Collinson, Alan. G. Knox, David T. Parkin and Lars Svensson. “Taxonomic Recommendations for British Birds: Fourth Report.” Ibis 149, no. 4 (2007): 853–857, 855.

Gelochelidon Brehm, 1830

Gelochelidon [C. L.] Brehm. “Beschluß der Uebersicht der deutschen Vögel [Uebersicht der deutschen Vögelarten Part 2].” Isis von Oken 23, Heft 10 (1830): cols. 985–1013, 994.

Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) Gull-billed Tern

[Sterna] nilotica Jo. Fridr. Gmelin. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species: cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, by Caroli a Linné [Carl Linnaeus]. 13th edn., edited by Jo. Frid. Gmelin. Lugduni [Lyon]: J. B. Delamolliere, 1789, 1, pt. 2:606.

Gelochelidon nilotica Leonhard Stejneger. “Analecta ornithologica. Third Series.” Auk 1, no. 4 (1884): 358–367, 366.

Hydroprogne Kaup, 1829

Hydroprogne Jakob Kaup. Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt. Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske, 1829, 1:91.

Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770) Caspian Tern

Sterna caspia P. S. Pallas. “Descriptiones quadrupedum et avium anno 1769 observatarum.” Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae 14, pt. 1 (1770): 548–592, 582.

Hydroprogne caspia Charles Lucien Bonaparte. “Conspectus avium europæarum.” In Revue critique de l’Ornithologie Européenne de M. le docteur Degland (de Lille). Lettre à M. De Selys Longchamps. Bruxelles [Brussels]: V^e Wouters, 1850: [127]–206, 198. Although Kaup mentions Sterna caspia as the type species for Hydroprogne, he never uses the binomial: Jakob Kaup. Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt. Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske, 1829, 1:91.

Thalasseus Boie, 1822

Thalasseus F. Boie. “Ueber Classification, insonderheit der europäischen Vögel.” Isis von Oken, Jg. 1822, Bd. 1, Heft 5 (1822): col. 545–564, col. 563.

Thalasseus maximus (Boddaert, 1783) Royal Tern

Sterna maxima [P.] Boddaert. Table des planches enluminéez d’histoire naturelle de M. D’Aubenton. Avec les denominations de M. M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d’une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés. Utrecht, 1783:58.

Thalasseus maximus George N. Lawrence. “Catalogue of Birds Collected by Prof. Francis Sumichrast, in Southwestern Mexico, and Now in the National Museum at Washington, D.C.” Bulletin of the United States National Museum, no. 4 (1876): [5]–52, 51.

Thalasseus bergii (Lichtenstein, 1823) Greater Crested Tern

St[erna] Bergii H. Lichtenstein. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin, nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Säugethieren, Vögeln, Amphibien und Fischen. Berlin: T. Trautwein, 1823:80.

Th[alasseus] Bergii J. H. Blasius. “Kritische Bemerkungen über Lariden [Part 2].” Journal für Ornithologie 14, no. 80 (1866): [73]–88, 81.

Thalasseus bengalensis (Lesson, 1831) Lesser Crested Tern

Sterna bengalensis R. P. Lesson. Traité d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d’oiseaux. Ouvrage entièrement neuf, formant le catalogue le plus complet des espèces réunies dans les collections publiques de la France. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1831, livr. 8:621. (Collated and republished in Traité d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d’oiseaux. Ouvrage entièrement neuf, formant le catalogue le plus complet des espèces réunies dans les collections publiques de la France. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1831, 1:621.)

Thalasseus bengalensis E. Blyth. “Notes on the Fauna of the Nicobar Islands.” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 15, no. 173, n.s., no. 89 (1846): 367–379, 373.

Thalasseus albididorsalis (Hartert, 1921) West African Crested Tern

Sterna maxima albididorsalis Ernst Hartert. Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Systematische Übersicht der in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkommenden Vögel. R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1921, Heft 13–14 (Bd. 2, Heft 7–8): 1698. (Collated and republished in Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Systematische Übersicht der in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkommenden Vögel. R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1921, Bd. 2: 1698.).

Thalasseus maximus albididorsalis James Lee Peters. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1934, 2:343.

Thalasseus albididorsalis R. Terry Chesser, Shawn M. Billerman, Kevin J. Burns, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Nicholas A. Mason, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., Douglas F. Stotz and Kevin Winker. “Sixty-first Supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds.” Auk 137, no. 3 (2020): 1–24, 11. Recommendation to species level by J. Martin Collinson, Paul Dufour, Abdulmaula A. Hamza, Yvonne Lawrie, Michael Elliott, Clive Barlow and Pierre-André Crochet. “When Morphology Is Not Reflected by Molecular Phylogeny: The Case of Three ‘Orange-billed Terns’ Thalasseus maximus, Thalasseus bergii and Thalasseus bengalensis (Charadriiformes: Laridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 121, 2 (2017): 439–445, 444.

Thalasseus sandvicensis (Latham, 1787) Sandwich Tern

[Sterna] Sandvicensis John Latham. Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds. London: Leigh and Sotheby, 1787:296 (name).

T[halasseus] sandvicensis Gregory M. Mathews. The Birds of Australia. London: Witherby, 1912, 2, pt. 3: 269. (Collated and republished in The Birds of Australia. London: Witherby, 1913, 2:326.

Thalasseus acuflavidus (Cabot, 1847) Cabot’s Tern

Sterna acuflavida [S.] Cabot [Jr.]. “A Comparison between Sterna Cantiaca Gm. of Europe, and Sterna acuflavida, Nobis, Hitherto Considered Identical with S. Cantiaca.” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 2 (December 1847): 257–258, 257.

Thalasseus acuflavidus Ch. Bonaparte. “Excursion dans les divers musées d’Allemagne, de Hollande et de Belgique, et Tableaux parallélique de l’ordre de Palmipèdes [Part 4].” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences 43, no. 13 (1856): 643–652, 645.

T. a. acuflavidus (Cabot, 1847)

T. a. eurygnathus (Saunders, 1876)

Sterna eurygnathus Howard Saunders. “On the Sterninæ, or Terns, with Descriptions of Three New Species.” Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1876, nos. 42-44 (1876): 638–672, 654.

Thalasseus sandvicensis eurygnathus Hans E. Wolters. Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie Deutschen und Englischen Namen. Hamburg: Paul Parey, Lief. 1 (1975). (Not seen.)

[Thalasseus acuflavidus] eurygnathus Márcio A. Efe, Erika S. Tavares, Allan J. Baker and Sandro L. Bonatto. “Multigene phylogeny and DNA barcoding indicate that the Sandwich tern complex (Thalasseus sandvicensis, Laridae, Sternini) comprises two species.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52, no. 1 (2009): 263-267, 266.

Thalasseus elegans (Gambel, 1849) Elegant Tern

Sterna elegans William Gambel. “Contributions to American Ornithology.” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 4, no. 6 (“1848” [1849]): 126–129, 129.

T[halasseus] elegans Willam Gambel. “Remarks on the Birds Observed in Upper California, with Descriptions of New Species [Part 2].” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2nd ser., 1, pt. 3 (1849): 215–229, 228.

Sternula Boie 1822

Sternula F. Boie. “Ueber Classification, insonderheit der europäischen Vögel.” Isis von Oken, Jg. 1822, Bd. 1, Heft 5 (1822): cols. 545–564, 563.

Sternula albifrons (Pallas, 1764) Little Tern

[Sterna] albifrons [P.S. Pallas]. “Adumbratiunculae avium variarum præcedenti elencho insertarum, sed quae in Systemate naturæ illustr. Linnæi nondum extant.” [Sketches of various birds inserted in the previous list, absent from the Systema naturae of Linneaus.] In Beredeneerde catalogus, van eene, bij uitstek fraayeen weergalooze verzameling, zoo van inlandsche als uitheemsche vogelen, viervoetige en gekorvene dieren. Zynde alle op het konstigste in derzelver natuurlykster standen, aart en houding, opgevult, opgezet, en, op eene byzondere wyze, voor alle bederf beveiligt, by A. Vroeg. ‘s Gravenhage: Pieter van Os, 1764:6.

[Sternula] albifrons Gregory M. Mathews. The Birds of Australia. London: Witherby, 1912, 2, pt. 4: 373. (Collated and republished in The Birds of Australia. London: Witherby, 1913, 2:373.)

Sternula saundersi (Hume, 1877) Saunders’s Tern

Sterna Saundersi A. O. H[ume]. Editor’s comments to “Additional Notes on the Birds of Sindh,” by E. A. Butler. Strange Feathers 5, no. 3–4 (1877): 322–328, 324n.

Sternula saundersi A. Le Messurier. Game, Shore, and Water Birds of India. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1888:140.

Sternula antillarum Lesson, 1847 Least Tern

Sternula Antillarum [R. P.] Lesson. Description de mammifères et d’oiseaux récemment découverts. Précédée d’un Tableau sur les races humaines. Supplément aux oeuvres de Buffon. Paris: Lévèque, 1847:256.

Onychoprion Wagler, 1832

Onychoprion [Johann Georg] Wagler. “Mittheilungen über einige merkwürdige Thiere.” Isis von Oken, Jg. 1832, Heft 3 (1832): cols. 275–282, 277.

Onychoprion aleuticus (Baird, 1869) Aleutian Tern

Sterna aleutica S. F. Baird. “On Additions to the Bird-fauna of North America, Made by the Scientific Corps of the Russo-American Telegraph Expedition.” Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 1, pt. 2 (1869): 311–325, 321.

O[nychoprion] aleutica Eli S. Bridge, Andrew W. Jones and Allan J. Baker. “A Phylogenetic Framework for the Terns (Sternini) Inferred from mtDNA Sequences: Implications for Taxonomy and Plumage Evolution.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35, no. 2 (2005) 459–469, 461.

Onychoprion aleuticus Richard C. Banks, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising and Douglas F. Stotz. “Forty-seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds.” Auk 123, no.3 (2006): 926–936, 930.

Onychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) Bridled Tern

[Sterna] Anaethetus Ioannes Antonius Scopoli [Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]. Deliciae florae et faunae Insubricae seu novae, aut minus cognitae species plantarum et animalium quas in Insubria Austriaca tam spontaneas, qua in exoticas vidit, descripsit, et aeri incidi. Ticini [Pavia]: Monasterii S. Salvatoris, 1786, 2:92.

O[nychoprion] anaethetus Eli S. Bridge, Andrew W. Jones and Allan J. Baker. “A Phylogenetic Framework for the Terns (Sternini) Inferred from mtDNA Sequences: Implications for Taxonomy and Plumage Evolution.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35, no. 2 (2005) 459–469, 461.

Onychoprion fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Sooty Tern

[Sterna] fuscata Caroli a Linné [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 12th edn. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1766, 1:228.

Onychoprion fuscata Eli S. Bridge, Andrew W. Jones and Allan J. Baker. “A Phylogenetic Framework for the Terns (Sternini) Inferred from mtDNA Sequences: Implications for Taxonomy and Plumage Evolution.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35, no. 2 (2005) 459–469, 461.

Onychoprion fuscatus Richard C. Banks, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising and Douglas F. Stotz. “Forty-seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds.” Auk 123, no.3 (2006): 926–936, 930.

Sterna Linnaeus, 1758

Sterna Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:137.

Sterna aurantia Gray, 1831 River Tern

Sterna aurantia John Edward Gray. Illustrations of Indian Zoology, Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major-General Hardwicke. London: Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel Jr. and Richter, 1831, pt. 5, pl. 69, fig 2. (Collated and republished as Illustrations of Indian Zoology, Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major-General Hardwicke. London: Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel Jr. and Richter, 1832, 1: pl. 69, fig. 2.)

Sterna dougallii Montagu, 1813 Roseate Tern

Sterna Dougallii George Montagu. Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary; or, Synopsis of British Birds. Exeter: S. Woolmer, 1813, sig. Y2.

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 Common Tern

[Sterna] Hirundo Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:137.

Sterna repressa Hartert, 1916 White-cheeked Tern

Sterna repressa Ernst Hartert. “What Is the Correct Name of the Arabian Sea Tern?” Novitates Zoologicae 23, no. 2 (1916): 288.

Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 Arctic Tern

[Sterna] Paradisæa Erich Pontoppidan [Erik Pontoppidan]. Den danske Atlas eller konge-riget Dannemark, med dets naturlige Egenskaber, Elementer, Indbyggere, Væxter, Dyr og andre Affodninger, dets gamle Tildrageiser of nærværene Omstændigheder i alle Provintzer, Stæder, Kirker, Slotte of Herre-Gaarde. Forestillet ved en udförlig Lands-Beskrivelse, saa og oplyst med dertil forfærdigede Land-Kort over enhver Provintz, samt ziret med Stændernes Prospecter, Grund-Ridser, og andre merkværdige Kaaber-Stykker. Kiøbenhavn [Copenhagen]: A. H. Godiche, 1763, 1:622.

Sterna forsteri Nuttall, 1834 Forster’s Tern

Thomas Nuttall. A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and of Canada. [Vol. 2], Water Birds. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, 1834:274.

Chlidonias Rafinesque, 1822

Chlidonias C. S. Rafinesque. “The Cosmonist – No. 4: On the Wandering Sea-birds of the Western States.” Kentucky Gazette 1, no. 8 (1822): 3, col. 5. Reprinted in Samuel N. Rhoads. “Additions to the Known Ornthological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque.” Auk 29, no. 2 (1912): 191–198, 197.

Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811) Whiskered Tern

Sterna hybrida Petro Pallas [Peter Pallas]. Zoographia rosso-asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli [Saint Petersburg]: Ex officina Caes. Academiae scientiarum, 1811, 2:338. (Republished as Zoographia rosso-asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli [Saint Petersburg]: In officina Caesareum Academiae scientiarum impress, 1831, 2:338).

Chlidonias hybrida Gregory M. Mathews and Tom Iredale. “The Nature of the New Zealand Avifauna.” Emu 20, pt. 4 (1921): 210–221, 213. Since hybrida is a masculine noun, gender confirmed by Normand David and Michel Gosselin. “The Grammatical Gender of Avian Genera.” Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 122, no. 4 (2002): 257–282, 277.

Chlidonias hybridus Herbert G. Deignan. “Checklist of the Birds of Thailand.” United States National Museum Bulletin, no. 226 (1963): 43

Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck, 1815) White-winged Tern

Sterna leucoptera C. J. Temminck. Manuel d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau systèmatique des oiseaux qui se trouve en Europe. Amsterdam: J. C. Sepp & Fils, 1815:483.

Chlidonias leucoptera Gregory M. Mathews. “List of the Birds of Australia.” In The Birds of Australia. Supplement no. 1: Check List of the Birds of Australia. Part 1: Orders Casuariiformes to Menuriformes. London: Witherby, 1920:26.

Chlidonias leucopterus E. H. [Ernst Hartert]. A Practical Handbook of British Birds. Edited by H. F. Witherby. London: Witherby, 1923, pt. 16:692. (Collated and republished in A Practical Handbook of British Birds. Edited by H. F. Witherby. London: Witherby, 1924, 2:692.)

Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Tern

[Sterna] nigra Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:137.

Chlidonias niger E. H. [Ernst Hartert]. A Practical Handbook of British Birds. Edited by H. F. Witherby. London: Witherby, 1923, pt. 16:692. (Collated and republished in A Practical Handbook of British Birds. Edited by H. F. Witherby. London: Witherby, 1924, 2:692.)

Chlidonias nigra Samuel N. Rhoads. “Additions to the Known Ornthological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque.” Auk 29, no. 2 (1912): 191–198, 198.

Chlidonias niger surinamensis Gmelin, 1789

[Sterna] surinamensis Jo. Fridr. Gmelin. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species: cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, by Caroli a Linné [Carl Linnaeus]. 13th edn., edited by Jo. Frid. Gmelin. Lugduni [Lyon]: J. B. Delamolliere, 1789, 1, pt. 2:604.

Chlidonias niger surinamensis Samuel N. Rhoads. “Additions to the Known Ornthological Publications of C. S. Rafinesque.” Auk 29, no. 2 (1912): 191–198, 198.

STERCORARIIDAE Gray, 1871

Stercorariinæ George Robert Gray. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds, Distinguishing Those Contained in the British Museum. Pt. 3, Struthiones, Grallæ, and Anseres, with Indices of Generic and Specific Names. London: Trustees [of the British Museum], 1871 [1870?]: 78.

Stercorariidae Robert Ridgway. “A Catalogue of the Birds of North America.” Proceedings of the United States National Museum 3, no. 138 (1880): 163–246, 240.

Stercorarius Brisson, 1760

Stercorarius M. J. Brisson. Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés. A laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espece, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms quils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires = Ornithologia; sive, Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates. Cum accurata cujusque speciei descriptione, citacionibus auctorum de iis tractantium, nominibus eis ab ipsis & nationibus impositis, nominibusque vulgaribus. Paris: Cl. Jean-Baptiste Bauche, 1760, 1:56, 6:150.

Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders, 1893 South Polar Skua

Stercorarius maccormicki Howard Saunders. “Stercorarius maccormicki, sp. n.” Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 2, no. 13 (1892): 12–13, 12.

Stercorarius antarcticus (Lesson, 1831) Brown Skua

Lestris antarcticus R. P. Lesson. Traité d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d’oiseaux. Ouvrage entièrement neuf, formant le catalogue le plus complet des espèces réunies dans les collections publiques de la France. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1831, livr. 8:616. (Collated and republished in Traité d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau méthodique des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d’oiseaux. Ouvrage entièrement neuf, formant le catalogue le plus complet des espèces réunies dans les collections publiques de la France. Paris: F. G. Levrault, 1831, 1:616.)

S[tercorarius] antarcticus George Robert Gray. The Genera of Birds, Comprising Their Generic Characters, a Notice of the Habits of Each Genus, and an Extensive List of Species Referred to Their Several Genera. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1845, pt. 16: [??]. (Collated and republished in The Genera of Birds, Comprising Their Generic Characters, a Notice of the Habits of Each Genus, and an Extensive List of Species Referred to Their Several Genera. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, “1844–1849” [1849], 3: sig. 3 I, [653].)

Stercorarius skua (Brünnich, 1764) Great Skua

[Catharacta] Skua M. Th. Brünichii [M. T. Brünnich]. Ornithologia borealis. Sistens collectionem avium ex omnibus, Imperio danico subjectis, provinciis insulisqve borealibus Hafniæ factam, cum descriptionibus novarum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium et icone. Hafniæ [Copenhagen]: J. C. Kall, 1764:33.

[Stercorarius] skua Charles-Lucien Bonaparte [Charles Lucien Bonaparte]. “Notes sur les Larides.” Naumannia, Jg. 1854, [no. 3?], sig. 14 (1854): [209]–219, 210.

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) Pomarine Jaeger

Lestris pomarinus C. J. Temminck. Manuel d’ornithologie; ou, Tableau systèmatique des oiseaux qui se trouve en Europe. Amsterdam: J. C. Sepp & Fils, 1815:514.

Stercorarius pomarinus Louis-Pierre Vieillot [Louis Pierre Vieillot]. “Le Stercoraire pomarin, Stercorarius pomarinus, Lacépède.” In Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc., edited by Société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs. 2nd ed. Paris: Deterville, 1819, 32:158–159, 158

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Parasitic Jaeger

[Larus] parasiticus Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:136.

S[tercorarius] parasiticus George Robert Gray. A List of the Genera of Birds, with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. Compiled from Various Sources. London: Richard and John E. Taylor, 1840:78.

Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819 Long-tailed Jaeger

Stercorarius longicaudus Louis-Pierre Vieillot [Louis Pierre Vieillot]. “Le Stercoraire a longue queue, Stercorarius longicaudus, Briss.; Larus parasiticus, Lath.; pl. enl. de Buffon, no. 762.” In Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc., edited by Société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs. 2nd ed. Paris: Deterville, 1819, 32:157–158, 157.

ALCIDAE Leach, 1820

Alcadæ W. E. Leach. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. 17th ed. London: Richard and Arthur Taylor, 1820:68*.

Alcidae G. Fischer. “Rapport aux membres de la Société sur quelques faits nouveaux en zoologie.” Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 3 (1831): [3]–130, 82.

Alle Link, 1806

Alle H. F. Link. Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universität zu Rostock. Rostock: Adlers Erben, 1806, Abt. 1:46.

Alle alle (Linnaeus, 1758) Little Auk

[Alca] Alle Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:131.

Alle alle [Leonhard Stejneger]. “Auks.” In The Standard Natural History by the Leading American Authorities, edited by J. S. Kingsley. Part ??, Natural History of Birds, by Walter B. Barrows, Daniel G. Elliot, Leonhard Stejneger and J. S. Kingsley. Boston, MA: S. E. Cassino, [188?]: 69–74, 69. (Collated and republished in The Standard Natural History, edited by J. S. Kingsley. Vol. 4, Natural History of Birds, by Walter B. Barrows, Daniel G. Elliot, Leonhard Stejneger and J. S. Kingsley. Boston, MA: S. E. Cassino: [1885]: 69–74, 69. Note: Coues objected to the use of tautology in Elliot Coues. “Note on Alle nigricans, Link.” Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 4, no. 4 (1879): 244.

Uria Brisson, 1760

Uria lomvia (Linnaeus, 1758) Thick-billed Murre

[Alca] Lomvia Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:130.

Uria lomvia Henry Bryant. “Remarks on Some of the Birds That Breed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 8 (May 1861?): 65–75, 75.

[Uria (Cataractes)] lomvia George Robert Gray. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds, Distinguishing Those Contained in the British Museum. Pt. 3, Struthiones, Grallæ, and Anseres, with Indices of Generic and Specific Names. London: Trustees [of the British Museum], 1871 [1870?]: 101.

Uria aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763) Common Murre

[Colymbus] Aalge Erich Pontoppidan [Erik Pontoppidan]. Den danske Atlas eller konge-riget Dannemark, med dets naturlige Egenskaber, Elementer, Indbyggere, Væxter, Dyr og andre Affodninger, dets gamle Tildrageiser of nærværene Omstændigheder i alle Provintzer, Stæder, Kirker, Slotte of Herre-Gaarde. Forestillet ved en udförlig Lands-Beskrivelse, saa og oplyst med dertil forfærdigede Land-Kort over enhver Provintz, samt ziret med Stændernes Prospecter, Grund-Ridser, og andre merkværdige Kaaber-Stykker. Kiøbenhavn [Copenhagen]: A. H. Godiche, 1763, 1:621, pl. 26.

Uria aalge R. Hørring. Fugle. Pt. 3: Maagefugle, alkefugle og rovfugle. Danmarks fauna, Bd. 39. København [Copenhagen]: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1934: 121.

Alca Linnaeus, 1758

Alca Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:130.

Alca torda Linnaeus, 1758 Razorbill

[Alca] Torda Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:130.

Pinguinus† Bonnaterre, 1791

Pinguinus [P. J.] Bonnaterre. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ornithologie. Paris: Panckoucke, 1791, livr. 41: lxxxiii, 28. (Collated and republished in [P. J.] Bonnaterre and L. P. Vieillot. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ornithologie. Paris: Mme. veuve Agasse, 1823, pt. 1:lxxxiii, 28.)

Pinguinus impennis† (Linnaeus, 1758) Great Auk

[Alca] impennis Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:130.

P[inguinus] Impennis [P. J.] Bonnaterre. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ornithologie. Paris: Panckoucke, 1791, livr. 41:29. (Collated and republished in [P. J.] Bonnaterre and L. P. Vieillot. Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ornithologie. Paris: Mme. veuve Agasse, 1823, pt. 1:29.)

Cepphus Pallas, 1769

Cepphus P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica, quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1769, fasc. 5, 33. (Collated and republished in P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1774, 1: fasc. 5, 33.)

Cepphus grylle (Linnaeus, 1758) Black Guillemot

[Alca] Grylle Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:130.

Cepphus grylle Johann Friedrich Naumann. Johann Andreas Naumann’s . . . Naturgeschichte der Vögel Deutschlands, nach eigenen Erfahrungen entworfen. Durchaus umgearbeit, systematisch geordnet, sehr vermehrt, vervollständigt, und mit getreu nach der Natur eigenhändig gezeichneten und gestochenen Abbildungen aller deutschen Vögel, nebst ihren Hauptverschiedenheiten. Leipzig: Ernst Fleischer, 1844, 12: [461], pl. 330.

Cephus grylle Christian Ludwig Brehm. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vögel Deutschlands, worin nach den sorgfältigsten Untersuchungen und den genauesten Beobachtungen mehr als 900 einheimische Vögel-Gattungen zur Begründung einer ganz neuen Ansicht und Behandlung ihrer Naturgeschichte vollständig beschrieben sind. Ilmenau: Bernh. Friedr. Voigt, 1831:987, pl. [45], fig. 2.

Brachyramphus Brandt, 1837

Brachyramphus [J. von] Brandt. “Rapport sur une monographie de la famille des Alcadées.” Bulletin scientifique publié par l’Académie impériale des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 2, no. 22 (1837): col. 344–349, 346.

Brachyramphus perdix (Pallas, 1811) Long-billed Murrelet

Cepphus Perdix Petro Pallas [Peter Pallas]. Zoographia rosso-asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli [Saint Petersburg]: Ex officina Caes. Academiae scientiarum, 1811, 2:351. (Republished as Zoographia rosso-asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso imperio rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli [Saint Petersburg]: In officina Caesareum Academiae scientiarum impress, 1831, 2:351.)

Brachyramphus perdix Leonhard Stejneger. “On Brachyramphus perdix (Pall.) and Its Nearest Allies.” Zeitschrift für die gesammte Ornithologie 3, no. 3 (1886):210–219, 213, pl. 7.

Synthliboramphus Brandt, 1837

Synthliboramphus [J. von] Brandt. “Rapport sur une monographie de la famille des Alcadées.” Bulletin scientifique publié par l’Académie impériale des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 2, no. 22 (1837): col. 344–349, 347.

Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin, 1789) Ancient Murrelet

[Alca] antigua Jo. Fridr. Gmelin. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species: cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, by Caroli a Linné [Carl Linnaeus]. 13th edn., edited by Jo. Frid. Gmelin. Lugduni [Lyon]: J. B. Delamolliere, 1789, 1, pt. 2:554.

Synthliboramphus antiquus [J. von] Brandt. “Rapport sur une monographie de la famille des Alcadées.” Bulletin scientifique publié par l’Académie impériale des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 2, no. 22 (1837): cols. 344–349, 347.

Aethia Merrem, 1788

Aethia Blasius Merrem. Versuch eines Grundrisses zur allgemeinen Geschichte und natürlichen Eintheilung der Vögel. Leipzig: Müller, 1788, 1:7, 13, 20. (Not seen.)

Aethia psittacula (Pallas, 1769) Parakeet Auklet

Alca psittacula P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica, quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1769, fasc. 5, [13], pl. 2, 5, fig. 4, 5, 6. (Collated and republished in P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1774, 1: fasc. 5, [13], pl. 2, 5, fig. 4, 5, 6.)

Aethia psittacula James Fisher and R. M. Lockley. Sea-birds: An Introduction to the Natural History of the Sea-birds of the North Atlantic. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1954:29.

Aethia cristatella (Pallas, 1769) Crested Auklet

Alca cristatella P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica, quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1769, fasc. 5, [18], pl. 3, 5, fig. 7, 8, 9. (Collated and republished in P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1774, 1: fasc. 5, [18], pl. 2, 5, fig. 7, 8, 9.)

Æthia cristatella J. A. Allen, Charles W. Richmond, William Brewster, Jonathan Dwight Jr., C. Hart Merriam, Robert Ridgway and Witmer Stone. “Fourteenth Supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds.” Auk 25, no. 3 (1908):343–399, 357.

Fratercula Brisson, 1760

Fratercula M. J. Brisson. Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés. A laquelle on a joint une description exacte de chaque espece, avec les citations des auteurs qui en ont traité, les noms quils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les différentes nations, & les noms vulgaires = Ornithologia; sive, Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates. Cum accurata cujusque speciei descriptione, citacionibus auctorum de iis tractantium, nominibus eis ab ipsis & nationibus impositis, nominibusque vulgaribus. Paris: Cl. Jean-Baptiste Bauche, 1760, 1:52, 6:81.

Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus, 1758) Atlantic Puffin

[Alca] arctica Caroli Linnæi [Carl Linnaeus]. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th ed. Holmiæ [Stockholm]: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758, 1:130.

Fratercula Arctica [W. E. Leach]. Systematic Catalogue of the Specimens of the Indigenous Mammalia and Birds That Are Present in the British Museum, with Their Localities and Authorities. To Which Is Added a List of the Described Species That Are Wanting to Complete the Collection of British Mammalia and Birds. London: Richard and Arthur Taylor, 1816:42. (Republished as Leach’s Systematic Catalogue of the Specimens of the Indigenous Mammalia and Birds in the British Museum. Edited by Osbert Salvin. London: Willughby Society, 1882:42.)

Fratercula corniculata (Naumann, 1821) Horned Puffin

Mormon corniculata Joh. Friedr. Naumann. “Ornithologische Neuigkeiten.” Isis von Oken, Jg. 1821, Bd. 2, Heft 7 (1821): cols. 779–786, 782.

Fratercula corniculata [John Edward Gray]. List of the Specimen of Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. Pt. 2, sect. 2, Gallinæ, Grallæ, and Anseres. London: Trustees [of the British Museum], 1844:153.

Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas, 1769) Tufted Puffin

Alca cirrhata P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica, quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1769, fasc. 5, [7], pl. 1, 5, fig. 1, 2, 3. (Collated and republished in P. S. Pallas. Spicilegia zoologica. Berolini [Berlin]: Gottl. August. Lange, 1774, 1: fasc. 5, [7], pl. 1, 5, fig. 1, 2, 3.)

Fratercula cirrhata L. P. Vieillot. La Gallerie des oiseaux. Paris: Constant-Chantpie, 1825, 2:240, pl. 296.